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Council on Foreign Relations Discusses the U.S. Immigration Debate

Immigration has long been a contentious issue in the United States, with policymakers grappling with economic, security, and humanitarian concerns. The debate over comprehensive immigration reform has been ongoing for decades, with Congress failing to reach a consensus on how to address the various challenges posed by immigration. As a result, major policy decisions have been left to the executive and judicial branches of government, leading to a patchwork of laws and regulations at the state and local levels.

Former President Donald Trump made immigration a central focus of his political agenda, implementing policies aimed at reshaping asylum, border security, and deportation procedures. In contrast, President Joe Biden campaigned on reversing many of Trump’s immigration actions and reforming the system. However, the surge in migration at the southern border and the end of pandemic-related restrictions have complicated Biden’s plans for immigration reform.

The immigrant population in the United States is significant, with immigrants and their U.S.-born children making up about 27 percent of the total population. Mexico is the top country of origin for U.S. immigrants, followed by India, China, and the Philippines. The undocumented immigrant population is estimated to be around eleven million people, with a record number of apprehensions at the southern border in recent years.

Legal immigration plays a crucial role in the U.S. economy, with more than one million individuals granted legal permanent residency each year. Various nonimmigrant visas allow foreign nationals to work in the United States, contributing to the diverse workforce. However, the backlog of visa applications and the complex immigration system pose challenges for many immigrants seeking legal status in the country.

Public opinion on immigration is divided, with some Americans viewing it as a top concern and a national security threat, while others believe that immigrants should be allowed to stay and contribute to the country. Congress has made several attempts at comprehensive immigration reform, with the most recent effort in 2013 falling short of passing both chambers.

The Obama administration focused on executive actions to address immigration issues, including the DACA program for undocumented immigrants brought to the U.S. as children. In contrast, the Trump administration implemented strict border security measures, travel bans, and asylum restrictions, aiming to reduce both legal and illegal immigration.

President Biden has sought to reverse many of Trump’s immigration policies, but the surge in migration at the southern border has forced the administration to implement new restrictions. State and local authorities play a significant role in immigration enforcement, with some jurisdictions adopting sanctuary policies and others cooperating closely with federal immigration authorities.

The ongoing debate over immigration in the United States reflects the complex and multifaceted nature of the issue. As policymakers continue to grapple with the challenges posed by immigration, finding a comprehensive and sustainable solution remains a top priority for the country.

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