The image created by Giovana Fleck sets the stage for a deep dive into the complex landscape of internet shutdowns and telecommunications control in Sudan. This article delves into the impact of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on Sudan’s telecommunications infrastructure and society, shedding light on the legal-historical perspective and the potential implications of ongoing and future shutdowns.
Sudan, strategically located at the crossroads between Arabic-speaking countries and Sub-Saharan Africa, has become a focal point for major regional and international players. The Sudan uprising in 2018 marked the beginning of a trend of internet shutdowns during times of political unrest, national exams, and military coups. These shutdowns have been used by authorities to restrict fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and access to information.
The RSF, a paramilitary group established by ousted president Omar al-Bashir, has been at the center of controversy for its human rights violations. In December 2023, the RSF took over the data center operated by Sudatel, the main internet provider in Sudan, leading to widespread shutdowns and accusations of disabling data centers of various Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Khartoum. The RSF’s control over telecommunications infrastructure raises concerns about data access, information flow control, and potential surveillance capabilities.
Civil society organizations, including the Hadhreen Initiative and the Sudanese American Physicians Association, have condemned the RSF for the blackout and highlighted the impact on humanitarian response efforts. The Keep It On coalition has also spoken out against the shutdown, emphasizing the violation of rights and the hindrance to critical information access.
From a legal-historical perspective, Sudan has ratified international human rights agreements that guarantee the right to receive and disseminate information. However, authorities have invoked laws to justify internet shutdowns, challenging contractual agreements between service providers and clients. The ban on satellite internet devices without permission and the use of Starlink during shutdowns have added complexity to the telecommunications landscape.
The RSF’s actions, including offering Starlink commercially and imposing taxes, have sparked debates about control over telecommunications and access to information. The SAF’s provision of free internet service via Starlink in Oumdurman is seen as an attempt to improve its public image and gain favor among citizens.
The potential impact of ongoing and future shutdowns in Sudan is significant, with narratives shaping public perception and influencing internet governance. The emergence of services like Starlink challenges authoritarian regimes and may lead to policy changes in telecommunications infrastructure. Investors may demand safeguards to ensure business continuity, highlighting the need for a robust legal framework that balances security concerns with internet accessibility.
In conclusion, the complexities of telecommunications control in Sudan underscore the importance of understanding the implications of internet shutdowns on society, governance, and human rights. The evolving landscape calls for proactive measures to safeguard information flow and ensure a free and open internet for all Sudanese citizens.